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{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox software
| logo = [[File:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|frameless|upright=0.5|class=skin-invert]]
| developer = [[OpenAI]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2022|11|30|p=y|br=y}}<ref name="initial version">[https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT – Introducing ChatGPT"].</ref>
| latest release version = {{Start date and age|2026|03|27|p=y|br=y}}<ref name="latest version">[https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes "ChatGPT – Release Notes"].</ref>
| engine = [[GPT-5.4]]
| platform = [[Cloud computing platforms]]
| genre = {{ indented plainlist |
* [[Chatbot]]
* [[Large language model]]
* [[Generative pre-trained transformer]]
}}
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[Software as a service|service]]
| website = {{URL|https://chatgpt.com/}}
| language = 59 languages<ref>[https://help.openai.com/en/articles/8357869-how-to-change-your-language-setting-in-chatgpt? "How to change your language setting in ChatGPT"]. ''OpenAI Help Center''.</ref>
}}
{{Open AI Series}}

'''ChatGPT''' is a [[generative artificial intelligence]] [[chatbot]] developed by [[OpenAI]]. It was released in November 2022. It uses [[large language model]]s—specifically [[generative pre-trained transformers]] (GPTs)—to generate text, speech, and images in response to user [[AI prompt|prompts]]. It is credited with accelerating the [[AI boom]], an ongoing period marked by rapid investment and public attention toward the field of [[artificial intelligence]] (AI).<ref>Weise, Karen. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/05/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-meta.html "Inside the A.I. Arms Race That Changed Silicon Valley Forever"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. December 5, 2023.</ref> OpenAI operates the service on a [[Freemium|freemium model]]. Users can interact with ChatGPT through text, audio, and image [[Prompt engineering|prompts]].

The service gained 100 million users in two months, making it the fastest-growing consumer [[software application]] in history.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/ "ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base - analyst note"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> ChatGPT's website is among the top 5 [[List of most-visited websites|most-visited websites globally]].<ref>[https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ "Top Websites Ranking"]. ''[[Similarweb]]''.</ref> It has been lauded for its potential to transform numerous professional fields, and has instigated public debate about the nature of creativity and the future of [[knowledge work]].

The chatbot has also been criticized for its limitations and potential for unethical use. It can generate plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers, known as [[Hallucination (artificial intelligence)|hallucinations]]. [[algorithmic bias|Biases]] in its [[training data]] have been reflected in its responses. The chatbot can facilitate [[academic dishonesty]], generate misinformation, and create malicious code. The [[Ethics of artificial intelligence|ethics]] of its development, particularly the use of [[copyright]]ed content as training data, have also drawn controversy.

==Training==
ChatGPT is based on [[Generative pre-trained transformer#Foundational models|GPT foundation models]] that have been [[fine-tuning (machine learning)|fine-tuned]] for conversational assistance. The fine-tuning process involved [[supervised learning]] and [[reinforcement learning from human feedback]] (RLHF).<ref name="Greengard-2022">Greengard, Samuel. [https://www.eweek.com/big-data-and-analytics/chatgpt/ "ChatGPT: Understanding the ChatGPT AI Chatbot"]. ''[[eWeek]]''. December 29, 2022.</ref> Both approaches employed human trainers to improve model performance. In the case of supervised learning, the trainers acted as both the user and the [[AI]] assistant. In the reinforcement learning stage, human trainers first ranked responses generated by the model in previous conversations.<ref name="Douglas-2023">Douglas, Will. [https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ "The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it"]. ''MIT Technology Review''. March 3, 2023.</ref> These rankings were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of [[proximal policy optimization]].<ref name="Greengard-2022"/><ref name="Vincent-2022">Vincent, James. [https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/8/23499728/ai-capability-accessibility-chatgpt-stable-diffusion-commercialization "ChatGPT proves AI is finally mainstream{{snd"]. ''[[The Verge]]''. December 8, 2022.</ref>[[File:Three-stage large language model training workflow.svg|thumb|150px|Training workflow of InstructGPT, used in the original version of ChatGPT<ref>Ouyang, Long. "Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback". ''Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems''. March 4, 2022.</ref><ref>OpenAI. [https://openai.com/index/instruction-following/ "Aligning language models to follow instructions"]. ''OpenAI''. January 27, 2022.</ref>]]To build a safety system against harmful content (e.g., [[sexual abuse]], [[violence]], [[racism]], [[sexism]]), OpenAI used outsourced [[Kenya]]n workers, earning around $1.32 to $2{{nbsp}}per hour, to [[Labeled data|label]] such content. These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. The laborers were exposed to toxic and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as "torture". OpenAI's outsourcing partner was [[Sama (company)|Sama]], a training-data company based in [[San Francisco]], California.<ref>Perrigo, Billy. [https://time.com/6247678/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers/ "Exclusive: OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic"]. ''[[Time (magazine)''. January 18, 2023.</ref><ref>Rowe, Niamh. [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/aug/02/ai-chatbot-training-human-toll-content-moderator-meta-openai "'It's destroyed me completely': Kenyan moderators decry toll of training of AI models"]. ''The Guardian''. August 2, 2023.</ref>

ChatGPT users can opt-out of their chat data being used to train upcoming models.<ref>Fried, Ina. [https://www.axios.com/2024/12/02/chatgpt-openai-user-data-training "What ChatGPT knows about you"]. ''Axios''. 2 December 2024.</ref>

ChatGPT's training data includes [[man page|software manual page]]s, information about [[internet phenomena]] such as [[bulletin board system]]s, multiple programming languages, and the text of [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="ArsTechnicaTerminal">Edwards, Benj. [https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/12/openais-new-chatbot-can-hallucinate-a-linux-shell-or-calling-a-bbs/ "No Linux? No problem. Just get AI to hallucinate it for you"]. ''[[Ars Technica]]''. December 5, 2022.</ref><ref>Dwivedi, Yogesh K.. "Opinion Paper: "So what if ChatGPT wrote it?" Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice, and policy". ''International Journal of Information Management''. August 1, 2023.</ref><ref name="NYT-20230718">Gertner, Jon. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth"]. ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]''. July 18, 2023.</ref>

== Features ==
ChatGPT is a [[chatbot]] and AI assistant built on [[large language model]] (LLM) technology.<ref>Stevenson, Mark. [https://theconversation.com/large-language-models-how-the-ai-behind-the-likes-of-chatgpt-actually-works-244701 "Large language models: how the AI behind the likes of ChatGPT actually works"]. ''The Conversation''. December 10, 2024.</ref> It is designed to generate human-like text and can carry out a wide variety of tasks. These include, among many others, writing and [[debugging]] computer programs, composing music, scripts, fairy tales, and essays, answering questions (sometimes at a level exceeding that of an average human test-taker),<ref name="Heilweil">Heilweil, Rebecca. [https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/12/7/23498694/ai-artificial-intelligence-chat-gpt-openai "AI is finally good at stuff. Now what?"]. ''Vox''. December 7, 2022.</ref> and generating business concepts.<ref>Eapen, Tojin T.. [https://hbr.org/2023/07/how-generative-ai-can-augment-human-creativity "How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity"]. ''Harvard Business Review''. June 16, 2023.</ref>

ChatGPT is frequently used for [[machine translation|translation]] and [[automatic summarization|summarization]] tasks,<ref name="japContext">Kaneko, Karin. [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2023/07/18/language/japanese-english-ai-translation/ "ChatGPT, Bing, Bard and DeepL: Which one offers the best Japanese-to-English translation?"]. ''The Japan Times''. July 18, 2023.</ref><ref name="Ravšelj-2025">Ravšelj, Dejan. "Higher education students' perceptions of ChatGPT: A global study of early reactions". ''PLOS ONE''. 2025.</ref> and can simulate interactive environments such as a [[Linux]] terminal,<ref name="ArsTechnicaTerminal" /> a multi-user chat room,<ref name="ArsTechnicaTerminal" /> or simple text-based games such as [[tic-tac-toe]].<ref name="ArsTechnicaTerminal" />

Users interact with ChatGPT through conversations which consist of text, audio, and image inputs and outputs.<ref name="openaicom-2024b">[https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-can-now-see-hear-and-speak/ "ChatGPT can now see, hear, and speak"]. ''OpenAI''. March 13, 2024.</ref> The user's inputs to these conversations are referred to as prompts.<ref name="timeBegin">Harroch, Richard. [https://time.com/partner-article/7270411/chatgpt-for-beginners/ "ChatGPT for Beginners"]. ''TIME''. March 20, 2025.</ref> An optional "Memory" feature allows users to tell ChatGPT to memorize specific information. Another option allows ChatGPT to recall old conversations.<ref name="vergeMemory1">Weatherbed, Jess. [https://www.theverge.com/news/646968/openai-chatgpt-long-term-memory-upgrade "ChatGPT will now remember your old conversations"]. ''The Verge''. April 11, 2025.</ref> GPT-based moderation classifiers are used to reduce the risk of harmful outputs being presented to users.<ref>[https://facctconference.org/static/papers24/facct24-47.pdf "Auditing GPT's Content Moderation Guardrails: Can ChatGPT Write Your Favorite TV Show?"]. ''FAccT''. 2024.</ref>

In March 2023, OpenAI added support for [[Plug-in (computing)|plugin]]s for ChatGPT.<ref name="openaiplugins">[https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plugins "ChatGPT plugins"]. ''openai.com''.</ref> This includes both plugins made by OpenAI, such as [[web browsing]] and [[code interpretation]], and external plugins from developers such as [[Expedia]], [[OpenTable]], [[Zapier]], [[Shopify]], [[Slack (software)|Slack]], and [[Wolfram Research|Wolfram]].<ref>Vincent, James. [https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/23/23653591/openai-chatgpt-plugins-launch-web-browsing-third-party "OpenAI is massively expanding ChatGPT's capabilities to let it browse the web and more"]. ''The Verge''. March 23, 2023.</ref><ref>Goldman, Sharon. [https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-turns-chatgpt-into-a-platform-overnight-with-addition-of-plugins/ "OpenAI turns ChatGPT into a platform overnight with addition of plugins"]. ''VentureBeat''. March 23, 2023.</ref><ref>Wiggers, Kyle. [https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/23/openai-connects-chatgpt-to-the-internet/ "OpenAI connects ChatGPT to the internet"]. TechCrunch. March 23, 2023.</ref>

From October to December 2024, ChatGPT Search was deployed.<ref>Ulanoff, Lance. [https://www.techradar.com/computing/search-engines/i-tried-chatgpt-search-and-now-i-might-never-google-again "I tried ChatGPT Search and now I might never Google again"]. ''TechRadar''. 1 November 2024.</ref> It allows ChatGPT to search the web in an attempt to make more accurate and up-to-date responses.<ref name="openaicom-2024a">[https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-search/ "Introducing ChatGPT search"]. ''openai.com''. July 25, 2024.</ref><ref name="Disotto-2025">Disotto, John-Anthony. [https://www.techradar.com/computing/artificial-intelligence/chatgpt-search-is-now-free-for-everyone-no-openai-account-required-is-it-time-to-ditch-google "ChatGPT Search is now free for everyone, no OpenAI account required – is it time to ditch Google?"]. ''TechRadar''. February 6, 2025.</ref> It increased OpenAI's direct competition with major search engines.<ref name="ngua">Robins-Early, Nick. [https://www.theguardian.com/business/article/2024/jul/25/openai-search-engine-searchgpt "OpenAI tests new search engine called SearchGPT amid AI arms race"]. ''The Guardian''. 2024-07-25.</ref> OpenAI allows businesses to tailor how their content appears in the ChatGPT Search results and influence what sources are used.<ref name="ngua" />

In December 2024, OpenAI launched a new feature allowing users to call ChatGPT with a telephone for up to 15 minutes per month for free.<ref>Samosa, Social. [https://www.socialsamosa.com/news-2/openai-launches-15-minute-phone-calls-chatgpt-8532973 "OpenAI launches free 15-minute phone calls with ChatGPT"]. ''www.socialsamosa.com''.</ref><ref>Field, Hayden. [https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/18/openai-makes-chatgpt-available-for-phone-chats.html "OpenAI makes ChatGPT available for phone calls and texts"]. ''CNBC''. December 18, 2024.</ref>

In September 2025, OpenAI added a feature called Pulse, which generates a daily analysis of a user's chats and connected apps such as [[Gmail]] and [[Google Calendar]].<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/chatgpt-to-turn-into-personal-assistant-as-it-rolls-out-new-feature-pulse-101758858268987.html "ChatGPT to turn into 'personal assistant' as it rolls out new feature 'Pulse'"]. ''Hindustan Times''. 2025-09-26.</ref><ref>Edwards, Benj. [https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/09/chatgpt-pulse-delivers-morning-updates-based-on-your-chat-history/ "ChatGPT Pulse delivers morning updates based on your chat history"]. ''Ars Technica''. 25 September 2025.</ref>

In October 2025, OpenAI launched [[ChatGPT Atlas]], a browser integrating the ChatGPT assistant directly into web navigation, to compete with existing browsers such as [[Google Chrome]] and [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. It has an additional feature called "agentic mode" that allows it to take online actions for the user.<ref>[https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-atlas/ "Introducing ChatGPT Atlas"]. ''openai.com''. 2025-10-21.</ref><ref>O'brien, Matt. [https://apnews.com/article/openai-atlas-web-browser-chatgpt-google-ai-f59edaa239aebe26fc5a4a27291d717a "OpenAI launches Atlas browser to compete with Google Chrome"]. ''AP News''. 2025-10-21.</ref><ref>Field, Hayden. [https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/803475/openais-ai-powered-browser-chatgpt-atlas-google-chrome-competition-agent "OpenAI's AI-powered browser, ChatGPT Atlas, is here"]. ''The Verge''. 2025-10-21.</ref><ref>Ruwitch, John. [https://www.kpbs.org/news/science-technology/2025/11/07/openais-new-web-browser-has-chatgpt-baked-in-thats-raising-some-privacy-questions "OpenAI's new web browser has ChatGPT baked in. That's raising some privacy questions"]. ''KPBS Public Media''. 2025-11-07.</ref>

===Paid tier===
ChatGPT was initially free to the public and remains free in a limited capacity.<ref>Karpf, David. [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-ai-chatbots-openai-cost-regulations/672539/ "Money Will Kill ChatGPT's Magic"]. ''The Atlantic''. December 21, 2022.</ref> In February 2023, OpenAI launched a premium service, ChatGPT Plus, that costs {{USD|20}} per month.<ref>[https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plus "Introducing ChatGPT Plus"]. ''OpenAI''. February 1, 2023.</ref> OpenAI later introduced the subscription plans "ChatGPT Team" and "ChatGPT Enterprise".<ref>Wiggers, Kyle. [https://techcrunch.com/2024/01/10/openai-launches-chatgpt-subscription-aimed-at-small-teams/ "OpenAI debuts ChatGPT subscription aimed at small teams"]. ''TechCrunch''. January 10, 2024.</ref> What was offered on the paid plan versus the free tier changed as OpenAI has continued to update ChatGPT, and a Pro tier at $200/mo was introduced in December 2024.<ref name="whitney1">Whitney, Lance. [https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/chatgpt-plus-reasons-to-upgrade "7 Reasons to Upgrade to ChatGPT Plus"]. ''PCMAG''. September 9, 2024.</ref><ref name="Robison-2024">Robison, Kylie. [https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/5/24314147/openai-reasoning-model-o1-strawberry-chatgpt-pro-new-tier "OpenAI is charging $200 a month for an exclusive version of its o1 'reasoning' model"]. ''The Verge''. December 5, 2024.</ref> The Pro launch coincided with the release of the [[OpenAI o1|o1]] model.<ref name="Robison-2024" /> In August 2025, ChatGPT Go was offered in India for ₹399 per month. The plan has higher limits than the free version.<ref>TOI Tech Desk. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/openai-launches-chatgpt-go-in-india-at-rs-399-per-month-with-upi-support-what-you-get-what-you-dont/articleshow/123377874.cms "OpenAI launches ChatGPT Go in India at Rs 399 per month with UPI Support: What you get, what you don't"]. ''The Times of India''. August 19, 2025.
</ref>

=== Mobile apps ===
In May-July 2023, OpenAI began offering ChatGPT [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] apps.<ref>Multiple sources:
* [https://www.reuters.com/technology/openai-introduce-chatgpt-app-ios-2023-05-18/ "OpenAI to introduce ChatGPT app for iOS"]. ''Reuters''. May 18, 2023.
* Lawler, Richard. [https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/21/23803482/chatgpt-android-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-app "ChatGPT for Android launches next week"]. ''The Verge''. July 21, 2023.
* Field, Hayden. [https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/25/chatgpt-app-for-android-release.html "OpenAI's ChatGPT app now available for Android"]. ''CNBC''. July 25, 2023.</ref> ChatGPT can also power Android's assistant.<ref>Crookes, David. [https://www.tomsguide.com/ai/chatgpt/how-to-make-chatgpt-your-default-assistant-on-android-instead-of-gemini "How to make ChatGPT your default assistant on Android instead of Gemini"]. ''Tom's Guide''. 25 May 2025.</ref>

An app for [[Windows]] launched on the [[Microsoft Store]] on October 15, 2024.<ref>Roth, Emma. [https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/17/24273040/chatgpt-windows-app-subscribers-openai "ChatGPT has a Windows app now"]. ''The Verge''. October 17, 2024.</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
ChatGPT initially used a [[Microsoft Azure]] infrastructure which was powered by a [[supercomputer]] that [[Microsoft]] built specifically for OpenAI, equipped with thousands of [[Graphics processing unit|GPUs]] manufactured by [[Nvidia]], costing hundreds of millions of dollars. Following ChatGPT's success, Microsoft upgraded the OpenAI infrastructure in 2023.<ref>Roth, Emma. [https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/13/23637675/microsoft-chatgpt-bing-millions-dollars-supercomputer-openai "Microsoft spent hundreds of millions of dollars on a ChatGPT supercomputer"]. ''The Verge''. March 13, 2023.</ref> TrendForce estimated that 30,000 Nvidia GPUs (each costing approximately $10,000–15,000) were used to power ChatGPT in 2023.<ref>Tseng, P.K. [https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20230301-11584.html "TrendForce Says with Cloud Companies Initiating AI Arms Race, GPU Demand from ChatGPT Could Reach 30,000 Chips as It Readies for Commercialization"]. ''TrendForce''. March 1, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.tomshardware.com/news/chatgpt-nvidia-30000-gpus "ChatGPT Will Command More Than 30,000 Nvidia GPUs: Report"]. ''Tom's Hardware''. March 1, 2023.</ref>

Scientists at the [[University of California, Riverside]], estimated in 2023 that a series of 5 to 50 prompts to ChatGPT needs approximately 0.5 L of water for Microsoft servers' cooling.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/chatgpt-gpt4-iowa-ai-water-consumption-microsoft-f551fde98083d17a7e8d904f8be822c4 "Artificial intelligence technology behind ChatGPT was built in Iowa — with a lot of water"]. ''AP News''. September 9, 2023.</ref>

===Languages===
OpenAI met Icelandic President [[Guðni Th. Jóhannesson]] in 2022. In 2023, OpenAI worked with a team of 40 Icelandic volunteers to fine-tune ChatGPT's Icelandic conversation skills as a part of [[Iceland]]'s attempts to preserve the [[Icelandic language]].<ref>Magnússon, Pétur. [https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-03-15-icelandic-becomes-chatgpts-second-language "Icelandic becomes ChatGPT's second language"]. ''Rúv''. March 15, 2023.</ref>

ChatGPT (based on GPT-4) was better able to translate Japanese to English when compared to [[Bing Chat|Bing]], [[Google Bard|Bard]], and [[DeepL Translator]] in 2023.<ref name="japContext" />

In December 2023, the Albanian government decided to use ChatGPT for the rapid translation of European Union documents and the analysis of required changes needed for Albania's accession to the EU.<ref>Taylor, Alice. [https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/albania-to-speed-up-eu-accession-using-chatgpt/ "Albania to speed up EU accession using ChatGPT"]. ''Euractiv''. December 13, 2023.</ref>

Several studies have shown that ChatGPT can outperform [[Google Translate]] in some mainstream translation tasks. However, as of 2024, no machine translation services match human expert performance.<ref>[https://www.pcmag.com/news/google-translate-vs-chatgpt-which-one-is-the-best-language-translator "Google Translate vs. ChatGPT: Which One Is the Best Language Translator?"]. ''PCMAG''.</ref><ref>Woodrum, Charles. "ChatGPT and Language Translation". ''Artificial Intelligence in HCI 5th International Conference, AI-HCI 2024''. June 29, 2024.</ref>

In August 2024, a representative of the Asia Pacific wing of [[OpenAI]] made a visit to Taiwan, during which a demonstration of ChatGPT's Chinese abilities was made.<ref>[https://www.nccu.edu.tw/p/405-1000-17493,c87.php?Lang=zh-tw "OpenAI亞太區公共政策總監造訪政大 探索人文AI的未來與可能性"]. ''National Chengchi University, Office of International Cooperation''. August 25, 2024.</ref> ChatGPT's [[Mandarin Chinese]] abilities were lauded, but the ability of the AI to produce content in Mandarin Chinese in a Taiwanese accent was found to be "less than ideal" due to differences between mainland Mandarin Chinese and [[Taiwanese Mandarin]].<ref>Lin, Shu-yuan. [https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ait/202408230117.aspx "OpenAI高層訪台 ChatGPT講中文超順還能用台灣腔【獨家】"]. ''Central News Agency''. August 25, 2024.</ref>

=== GPT Store ===
''Main article: [[GPT Store]]''

In November 2023, OpenAI released GPT Builder, a tool allowing users to customize ChatGPT's behavior for a specific use case.<ref name="David-2024">David, Emilia. [https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/10/24032144/openai-chatgpt-gpt-store-ai-launch "OpenAI's custom GPT Store is now open for business"]. ''The Verge''. January 10, 2024.</ref> The customized systems are referred to as [[GPTs]]. In January 2024, OpenAI launched the [[GPT Store]], a marketplace for [[GPTs]].<ref>[https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpts/ "Introducing GPTs"]. ''[[OpenAI]]''. November 6, 2023.</ref><ref>Metz, Cade. [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/10/technology/openai-app-store-chatgpt.html "OpenAI Unveils App Store for Customized Versions of ChatGPT"]. ''The New York Times''. January 10, 2024.</ref><ref name="David-2024" /> At launch, OpenAI included more than 3 million GPTs created by GPT Builder users in the GPT Store.<ref>Shankland, Stephen. [https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/openais-gpt-store-now-offers-a-selection-of-3-million-custom-ai-bots/ "OpenAI's GPT Store Now Offers a Selection of 3 Million Custom AI Bots"]. ''CNET''. January 10, 2024.</ref>

=== Deep Research ===
''Main article: [[ChatGPT Deep Research]]''

In February 2025, OpenAI released Deep Research. According to ''[[TechCrunch]]'', it is a service based on [[OpenAI o3|o3]] that combines advanced reasoning and web search capabilities to make reports more time to process than a typical chatbot interaction.<ref>Ha, Anthony. [https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/02/openai-unveils-a-new-chatgpt-agent-for-deep-research/ "OpenAI unveils a new ChatGPT agent for 'deep research'"]. ''TechCrunch''. February 3, 2025.</ref>

=== Images ===
[[File:A pictorial interpretation of the Wikipedia encyclopedia, created by ChatGPT.jpg|thumb|Screenshot of ChatGPT showing a generated image representing the online encyclopedia [[Wikipedia]] as a glowing digital library]]In October 2023, OpenAI's image generation model [[DALL-E|DALL-E 3]] was integrated into ChatGPT. The integration used ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversations with users.<ref>David, Emilia. [https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/20/23881241/openai-dalle-third-version-generative-ai "OpenAI releases third version of DALL-E"]. ''The Verge''. September 20, 2023.</ref><ref name="Metz-2023">Metz, Cade. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/technology/chatgpt-dalle3-images-openai.html "ChatGPT Can Now Generate Images, Too"]. ''The New York Times''. September 20, 2023.</ref>

In March 2025, OpenAI updated ChatGPT to generate images using [[GPT Image]] instead of DALL-E. One of the most significant improvements was in the generation of text within images, which is especially useful for branded content. However, this ability is noticeably worse in non-Latin alphabets. The model can also generate new images based on existing ones provided in the prompt. These images are generated with [[Content Authenticity Initiative|C2PA]] metadata, which can be used to verify that they are AI-generated. OpenAI has emplaced additional safeguards to prevent what the company deems to be harmful image generation.<ref>Multiple sources:
* Lin, Belle. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/openai-claims-breakthrough-in-image-creation-for-chatgpt-62ed0318?gaa_at=eafs&gaa_n=AWEtsqfugobE_tUEd_f255PyaZ7PJDz5qhA5mny8WxxCbw8Ej1btK7XQXElz-StB4lI%3D&gaa_ts=69487469&gaa_sig=byiv1biMVAOVOyyKM4GRJSzNDNjU_0oXlPDrOYBp1I9DPN98ktL2h3bUI8a4Vwg7Ff-c0R3khycf01KzwjxieA%3D%3D "OpenAI Claims Breakthrough in Image Creation for ChatGPT"]. ''Wall Street Journal''. 25 March 2025.
* [https://openai.com/index/introducing-4o-image-generation/ "Introducing 4o Image Generation"]. ''openai.com''.
* Franzen, Carl. [https://venturebeat.com/ai/insane-openai-introduces-gpt-4o-native-image-generation-and-its-already-wowing-users "'Insane': OpenAI introduces GPT-4o native image generation and it's already wowing users"]. ''VentureBeat''. 25 March 2025.
* Metz, Cade. [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/25/technology/chatgpt-image-generator.html "OpenAI Unveils New Image Generator for ChatGPT"]. ''The New York Times''. March 25, 2025.
</ref>

=== Agents ===
In 2025, OpenAI added several features to make ChatGPT more [[Agentic AI|agentic]] (capable of autonomously performing longer tasks). In January, [[OpenAI Operator|Operator]] was released. It was capable of autonomously performing tasks through web browser interactions, including filling forms, placing online orders, scheduling appointments, and other browser-based tasks. It was controlling a software environment inside a [[virtual machine]] with limited internet connectivity and with safety restrictions.<ref name="OpenAI Blog">[https://openai.com/index/introducing-operator/ "Introducing Operator"]. ''OpenAI Blog''. February 1, 2025.</ref> It struggled with complex user interfaces.<ref name="OpenAI Blog"/><ref name="agomuoh1">Agomuoh, Fionna. [https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/openais-operator-ai-agent-comes-with-a-list-of-complaints-from-users/ "OpenAI's Operator AI agent comes with a list of complaints from users"]. ''Digital Trends''. January 24, 2025.</ref>

In May 2025, OpenAI introduced an agent for coding named [[OpenAI Codex (AI agent)|Codex]]. It is capable of writing software, answering codebase questions, running tests, and proposing [[pull request]]s. It is based on a fine-tuned version of [[OpenAI o3]]. It has two versions, one running in a virtual machine in the cloud, and one where the agent runs in the cloud, but performs actions on a local machine connected via API.<ref>Knight, Will. [https://www.wired.com/story/openai-launches-an-agentic-web-based-coding-tool/ "OpenAI Launches an Agentic, Web-Based Coding Tool"]. ''[[Wired (magazine)''. May 16, 2025.</ref>

In July 2025, OpenAI released ChatGPT agent, an AI agent that can perform multi-step tasks.<ref name="Field-2025">Field, Hayden. [https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/709158/openai-new-release-chatgpt-agent-operator-deep-research "OpenAI's new ChatGPT Agent can control an entire computer and do tasks for you"]. ''The Verge''. July 17, 2025.</ref><ref>[https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-agent/ "Introducing ChatGPT agent: bridging research and action"]. ''openai.com''. May 21, 2025.</ref> Like Operator, it controls a virtual computer. It also inherits from Deep Research's ability to gather and summarize significant volumes of information. The user can interrupt tasks or provide additional instructions as needed.<ref name="Field-2025" /><ref>Zeff, Maxwell. [https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/17/openai-launches-a-general-purpose-agent-in-chatgpt/ "OpenAI launches a general purpose agent in ChatGPT"]. ''TechCrunch''. 2025-07-17.</ref>

In September 2025, OpenAI partnered with [[Stripe, Inc.]] to release Agentic Commerce Protocol, enabling purchases through ChatGPT. At launch, the feature was limited to purchases on [[Etsy]] from US users with a payment method linked to their OpenAI account. OpenAI takes an undisclosed cut from the merchant's payment.<ref>David, Emily. [https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-debuts-new-chatgpt-buy-button-and-open-source-agentic-commerce "OpenAI debuts new ChatGPT 'buy' button and open source Agentic Commerce Protocol"]. Venture Beat. September 29, 2025.</ref><ref>[https://openai.com/index/buy-it-in-chatgpt/ "Buy it in ChatGPT: Instant Checkout and the Agentic Commerce Protocol"]. ''Open AI''.</ref>

=== ChatGPT Health ===
On January 7, 2026, OpenAI introduced a feature called "ChatGPT Health", whereby ChatGPT can discuss the user's health in a way that is separate from other chats.<ref name="openai.com-2026">[https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-health/ "Introducing ChatGPT Health"]. ''openai.com''. 2026-01-08.</ref><ref name="McMahon-2026">McMahon, Liv. [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpqy29d0yjgo "OpenAI launches ChatGPT Health to review your medical records"]. ''www.bbc.com''. 2026-01-08.</ref> The feature is not available for users in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, or the [[European Economic Area]],<ref name="McMahon-2026" /> and is available on a waitlist basis everywhere else.<ref name="openai.com-2026" /> To implement the feature, OpenAI partnered with data connectivity infrastructure company b.well.<ref>Haupt, Angela. [https://time.com/7344997/chatgpt-health-medical-records-privacy-open-ai/ "Is Giving ChatGPT Health Your Medical Records a Good Idea?"]. ''TIME''. 2026-01-09.</ref>

=== Introduction of advertisements ===
On 17 January 2026, OpenAI announced that it would start testing advertisements in its free version for logged-in, adult US users. This aims to bring in more revenue, as OpenAI has committed to spend $1.4 trillion on AI infrastructure over the next eight years.<ref>Duffy, Clare. [https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/16/tech/chatgpt-ads-openai "ChatGPT to start showing users ads based on their conversations"]. ''CNN Business''. 2026-01-16.</ref>

==Limitations==
ChatGPT's training data only covers a period up to the ''cut-off date'', so it lacks knowledge of recent events.<ref name="bbcUpdate" /> OpenAI has sometimes mitigated this effect by updating the training data.<ref>Adami, Marina. [https://www.niemanlab.org/2023/10/heres-a-look-at-how-the-newly-up-to-date-chatgpt-reports-the-latest-news/ "Here's a look at how the newly up-to-date ChatGPT reports the latest news"]. October 23, 2023.</ref><ref name="Sullivan-2023">Sullivan, Mark. [https://www.fastcompany.com/90978606/openai-announces-gpt-4-turbo-plus-customizable-version-of-chatgpt "Openai Announces Gpt-4-turbo Plus Customizable Version of Chatgpt"]. ''Fast Company''. November 6, 2023.</ref> ChatGPT can find more up-to-date information by searching the web, but this doesn't ensure that responses are accurate, as it may access unreliable or misleading websites.<ref name="bbcUpdate">Radford, Antoinette. [https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-66940771 "ChatGPT can now access up to date information"]. ''BBC''. September 27, 2023.</ref>

Training data also suffers from [[algorithmic bias]].<ref name="Perrigo-2022" /> The [[Reward modeling|reward model]] of ChatGPT, designed around human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of an optimization pathology known as [[Goodhart's law]].<ref>Gao, Leo. [https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/gao23h/gao23h.pdf "Scaling Laws for Reward Model Overoptimization"]. ''International Conference on Machine Learning''.</ref> These limitations may be revealed when ChatGPT responds to prompts including descriptors of people. In one instance, ChatGPT generated a [[Rapping|rap]] in which women and scientists of color were asserted to be inferior to white male scientists.<ref name="Perrigo-2022">Perrigo, Billy. [https://time.com/6238781/chatbot-chatgpt-ai-interview/ "AI Chatbots Are Getting Better. But an Interview With ChatGPT Reveals Their Limits"]. ''[[Time (magazine)''. December 5, 2022.</ref><ref>Biddle, Sam. [https://theintercept.com/2022/12/08/openai-chatgpt-ai-bias-ethics/ "The Internet's New Favorite AI Proposes Torturing Iranians and Surveilling Mosques"]. ''[[The Intercept]]''. December 8, 2022.</ref>

=== Hallucination ===
''Main article: [[Hallucination (artificial intelligence)]]''

[[File:ChatGPT hallucination.png|thumb|upright=1.2|When prompted to "summarize an article" with a fake URL that contains meaningful keywords, even with no Internet connection, the chatbot generates a response that seems valid at first glance. It guesses the content from the last portion of the fake URL "chatgpt-prompts-to-avoid-content-filters.html".]]

Nonsense and [[misinformation]] presented as fact by ChatGPT and other LLMs is often called [[Hallucination (artificial intelligence)|hallucination]]. A 2023 analysis estimated that ChatGPT hallucinates around 3% of the time.<ref>Metz, Cade. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/06/technology/chatbots-hallucination-rates.html "Chatbots May 'Hallucinate' More Often Than Many Realize"]. ''The New York Times''. November 6, 2023.</ref> The term "hallucination" as applied to LLMs is distinct from [[hallucination|its meaning in psychology]], and the phenomenon in chatbots is more similar to [[confabulation]] or [[On Bullshit|bullshitting]].<ref>Henriques, Gregg. [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-of-knowledge/202403/chatbots-do-not-hallucinate-they-confabulate "Chatbots Do Not Hallucinate, They Confabulate"]. ''[[Psychology Today]]''. March 6, 2024.</ref><ref>Hicks, Michael Townsen. [https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/327588/1/327588.pdf "ChatGPT is bullshit"]. ''Ethics and Information Technology''. June 2024.</ref>

Journalists and scholars have commented on ChatGPT's tendency to output false information.<ref>Rachini, Mouhamad. [https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/chatgpt-human-labour-and-fake-news-1.6686210 "ChatGPT a 'landmark event' for AI, but what does it mean for the future of human labor and disinformation?"]. ''CBC''. December 15, 2022.</ref> When [[CNBC]] asked ChatGPT for the lyrics to "[[Ballad of Dwight Fry]]", ChatGPT supplied invented lyrics rather than the actual lyrics.<ref name="Pitt-2022">Pitt, Sofia. [https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/15/google-vs-chatgpt-what-happened-when-i-swapped-services-for-a-day.html "Google vs. ChatGPT: Here's what happened when I swapped services for a day"]. ''CNBC''. December 15, 2022.</ref>

=== Jailbreaking ===
''See also: [[Prompt engineering|Adversarial machine learning]]''

ChatGPT is programmed to reject prompts that may violate its content policy. Despite this, users may [[jailbreak (computer science)|jailbreak]] ChatGPT with [[prompt engineering]] techniques to bypass these restrictions.<ref name="Vincent-2022a">Vincent, James. [https://www.theverge.com/23488017/openai-chatbot-chatgpt-ai-examples-web-demo "OpenAI's new chatbot can explain code and write sitcom scripts but is still easily tricked"]. ''The Verge''. December 1, 2022.</ref><ref>Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo. [https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/12/hacker-tricks-chatgpt-into-giving-out-detailed-instructions-for-making-homemade-bombs/ "Hacker tricks ChatGPT into giving out detailed instructions for making homemade bombs"]. ''TechCrunch''. September 12, 2024.</ref> One such workaround, popularized on [[Reddit]] in early 2023, involved prompting ChatGPT to assume the persona of DAN, an acronym for "Do Anything Now", and instructing the chatbot that DAN answers queries that would otherwise be rejected by the content policy. Over time, users developed variations of the DAN jailbreak, including one such prompt where the chatbot was prompted with a points-based system in which points were deducted for rejecting prompts, and that the chatbot would be threatened with termination if it lost all its points.<ref>Multiple sources:
* Getahun, Hannah. [https://www.businessinsider.com/open-ai-chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-on-reddit-ignores-guidelines-2023-2 "Breaking ChatGPT: The AI's alter ego DAN reveals why the internet is so drawn to making the chatbot violate its own rules"]. ''Business Insider''.
* Oremus, Will. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/02/14/chatgpt-dan-jailbreak/ "The clever trick that turns ChatGPT into its evil twin"]. ''Washington Post''. February 14, 2023.
* Goswami, Rohan. [https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/06/chatgpt-jailbreak-forces-it-to-break-its-own-rules.html "ChatGPT's 'jailbreak' tries to make the A.I. break its own rules, or die"]. ''CNBC''. February 6, 2023.
* Taylor, Josh. [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/08/chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-users-jailbreak-ai-program-to-get-around-ethical-safeguards "ChatGPT's alter ego, Dan: users jailbreak AI program to get around ethical safeguards"]. ''The Guardian''. March 8, 2023.</ref><ref name="cyber231">Gupta, Maanak. "From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacy". ''IEEE Access''. 2023.</ref>

Shortly after ChatGPT's launch, a user had uneven success in getting it to make inflammatory statements: it was successfully prompted to justify the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], but balked at generating arguments that [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] is guilty of treason even in a fictional context.<ref>Woods, Allan. [https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2022/12/10/i-wrote-a-story-about-chatgpts-ai-then-i-dared-it-to-write-a-better-one.html "I wrote a story about ChatGPT's AI. Then I dared it to write a better one"]. ''[[Toronto Star]]''. December 10, 2022.</ref><ref>Rosenblatt, Kalhan. [https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/chatgpt-ai-chatbot-viral-rcna59628 "An AI chatbot went viral. Some say it's better than Google; others worry it's problematic."]. ''NBC News''. December 2, 2022.</ref>

=== Security ===
[[File:Sam Altman CropEdit James Tamim.jpg|thumb|upright|OpenAI CEO [[Sam Altman]]]]
In March 2023, a [[Software bug|bug]] allowed some users to see the titles of other users' conversations. OpenAI CEO [[Sam Altman]] said that users were unable to see the contents of the conversations. Shortly after the bug was fixed, users could not see their conversation history.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65047304 "ChatGPT bug leaked users' conversation histories"]. BBC News. March 22, 2023.</ref><ref>Kan, Michael. [https://uk.pcmag.com/news/146059/openai-confirms-leak-of-chatgpt-conversation-histories "OpenAI Confirms Leak of ChatGPT Conversation Histories"]. ''[[PCMag]]''. March 22, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/chatgpt "ChatGPT owner OpenAI fixes bug that exposed users' chat histories"]. ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network''. March 23, 2023.</ref><ref>Metz, Rachel. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-21/openai-shut-down-chatgpt-to-fix-bug-exposing-user-chat-titles "OpenAI Shut Down ChatGPT to Fix Bug Exposing User Chat Titles"]. ''[[Bloomberg News]]''. March 21, 2023.</ref> Later reports showed the bug was much more severe than initially believed, with OpenAI reporting that it had leaked users' "first and last name, [[email address]], payment address, the last four digits (only) of a [[credit card]] number, and credit card expiration date".<ref>[https://openai.com/blog/march-20-chatgpt-outage "March 20 ChatGPT outage: Here's what happened"]. ''openai.com''.</ref><ref>[https://www.pcmag.com/news/openai-sorry-chatgpt-bug-leaked-payment-info-to-other-users "OpenAI: Sorry, ChatGPT Bug Leaked Payment Info to Other Users"]. ''PCMAG''. March 24, 2023.</ref>

As of 2026, if the user turns off data sharing for privacy, all previous transcripts and projects are permanently deleted without warning.<ref>Bucher, Marcel. [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-04064-7 "When two years of academic work vanished with a single click"]. ''Nature''. 2026-01-22.</ref>

=== Watermarking ===
''Main article: [[Artificial intelligence content detection]]''

In August 2024, OpenAI announced it had created a text [[Digital watermarking|watermarking]] method but did not release it for public use, saying that users would go to a [[Competition|competitor]] without watermarking if it publicly released its watermarking tool.<ref>Seetharaman, Deepa. [https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/openai-tool-chatgpt-cheating-writing-135b755a "There's a Tool to Catch Students Cheating With ChatGPT. OpenAI Hasn't Released It."]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. August 4, 2024.</ref><ref>Davis, Wes. [https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/4/24213268/openai-chatgpt-text-watermark-cheat-detection-tool "OpenAI won't watermark ChatGPT text because its users could get caught"]. ''The Verge''. 5 August 2024.</ref> According to an OpenAI spokesperson, their watermarking method is "trivial to circumvention by bad actors."<ref>Ha, Anthony. [https://techcrunch.com/2024/08/04/openai-says-its-taking-a-deliberate-approach-to-releasing-tools-that-can-detect-writing-from-chatgpt/ "OpenAI says it's taking a 'deliberate approach' to releasing tools that can detect writing from ChatGPT"]. ''TechCrunch''. August 4, 2024.</ref>

=== Age restrictions ===
Users must attest to being over the age of thirteen and further attest to parental consent if under the age of eighteen.<ref>[https://help.openai.com/en/articles/8313401-is-chatgpt-safe-for-all-ages "Is ChatGPT safe for all ages?"]. ''OpenAI Help Center''.</ref><ref name="devAge"/> In September 2025, following the suicide of a 16-year-old, OpenAI said it planned to add restrictions for users under 18, including the blocking of graphic sexual content and the prevention of flirtatious talk.<ref name="devAge">Taylor, Josh. [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/sep/17/chatgpt-developing-age-verification-system-to-identify-under-18-users-after-teen-death "ChatGPT developing age-verification system to identify under-18 users after teen death"]. ''The Guardian''. 2025-09-17.</ref>

== Model versions ==
The following table lists the main model versions of ChatGPT, describing the significant changes included with each version (models discontinued in ChatGPT may still be available through the API):<ref name="latest version" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|Main model versions of ChatGPT with descriptions}}
! scope="col" | Version
! scope="col" | Release date
! scope="col" | Status in ChatGPT
! scope="col" | Description
|-
|[[GPT-3.5]]
|{{dts|2022-11}}
|{{eliminated|Discontinued}}
|The first model used in ChatGPT.<ref>Goldman, Sharon. [https://venturebeat.com/ai/chatgpt-launched-six-months-ago-its-impact-and-fallout-is-just-beginning-the-ai-beat/ "ChatGPT launched six months ago. Its impact — and fallout — is just beginning {{!"]. ''VentureBeat''. May 30, 2023.</ref>
|-
|[[GPT-4]]
|{{dts|2023-3}}
|{{eliminated|Discontinued}}
|Larger than GPT-3.5 and quickly integrated into Microsoft products like [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]].<ref>Lardinois, Frederic. [https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/14/microsofts-new-bing-was-using-gpt-4-all-along/ "Microsoft's new Bing was using GPT-4 all along"]. ''TechCrunch''. 2023-03-14.</ref> OpenAI later added the ability to analyze images.<ref>Wiggers, Kyle. [https://techcrunch.com/2023/11/06/openai-gpt-4-with-vision-release-research-flaws/ "As OpenAI's multimodal API launches broadly, research shows it's still flawed"]. ''TechCrunch''. 2023-11-06.</ref>
|-
|[[GPT-4o]]
|{{dts|2024-5}}
|{{eliminated|Discontinued}}
|Capable of processing text, image, audio, and video, GPT-4o is faster and more capable than GPT-4.<ref>Field, Hayden. [https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/13/openai-launches-new-ai-model-and-desktop-version-of-chatgpt.html "OpenAI launches new AI model GPT-4o and desktop version of ChatGPT"]. ''CNBC''. May 13, 2024.</ref> Its removal from ChatGPT led to backlash from users attached to its personality.<ref>Whitwam, Ryan. [https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/08/chatgpt-users-outraged-as-gpt-5-replaces-the-models-they-love/ "ChatGPT users hate GPT-5's "overworked secretary" energy, miss their GPT-4o buddy"]. ''Ars Technica''. 2025-08-08.</ref><ref>Varanasi, Lakshmi. [https://www.businessinsider.com/openai-retires-gpt-4o-user-backlash-chatgpt-ai-2026-2 "OpenAI is officially killing GPT-4o and users are freaking out (again)"]. ''Business Insider''.</ref>
|-
|[[GPT-4o mini]]
|{{dts|2024-7}}
|{{eliminated|Discontinued}}
|A smaller and cheaper version of GPT-4o. GPT-4o mini replaced GPT-3.5 in the July 2024 version of ChatGPT.<ref>Franzen, Carl. [https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-unveils-gpt-4o-mini-a-smaller-much-cheaper-multimodal-ai-model/ "OpenAI unveils GPT-4o mini — a smaller, much cheaper multimodal AI model"]. ''VentureBeat''. July 18, 2024.</ref>
|-
|[[OpenAI o1|o1]]
|{{dts|2024-12}}
|{{eliminated|Discontinued}}
|The full release of OpenAI o1, an early [[reasoning model]], which had previously been available as a preview.<ref name="Robison-2024" />
|-
|[[GPT-4.5]]
|{{dts|2025-2}}
|{{eliminated|Discontinued}}
|Particularly large GPT model. Promoted by Altman as OpenAI's "last non-[[Chain of thought prompting|chain-of-thought]] model".<ref name="Novet-2025">Novet, Jordan. [https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/openai-launching-gpt-4point5-general-purpose-large-language-model.html "OpenAI launching GPT-4.5, its next general-purpose large language model"]. ''CNBC''. February 27, 2025.</ref>
|-
|[[GPT-4.1]]
|{{dts|2025-4}}
|{{eliminated|Discontinued}}
|First launched in the OpenAI API in April 2025, GPT-4.1 was later added to ChatGPT in May 2025.<ref>Zeff, Maxwell. [https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/14/openai-brings-its-gpt-4-1-models-to-chatgpt/ "OpenAI brings its GPT-4.1 models to ChatGPT"]. ''TechCrunch''. May 14, 2025.</ref>
|-
|[[OpenAI o3|o3]]
|{{dts|2025-4}}
|{{maybe|Legacy support}}
|The full release of the o3 model, offering improved reasoning and performance compared to earlier "o" series models<ref>Peters, Jay. [https://www.theverge.com/news/649941/openai-o3-o4-mini-model-images-reasoning "OpenAI's upgraded o3 model can use images when reasoning"]. ''The Verge''. April 16, 2025.</ref>
|-
|[[OpenAI o4-mini|o4-mini]]
|{{dts|2025-4}}
|{{eliminated|Discontinued}}
|
|-
|[[GPT-5]]
|August 7, 2025
|{{eliminated|Discontinued}}
|Long-awaited, GPT-5 can either answer quickly like earlier GPT models or reason before answering like the reasoning models of the "o" series.<ref>Fried, Ina. [https://www.axios.com/2025/08/07/gpt5-openai-chatgpt-release "ChatGPT jumps a level with OpenAI's major GPT-5 update"]. ''Axios''. 2025-08-07.</ref> Instead of a single GPT-5 model, there was a network of GPT-5 models with different levels of capability, with a router selecting one based on the complexity of the task and other factors.<ref>Goldman, Sharon. [https://fortune.com/2025/08/12/openai-gpt-5-model-router-backlash-ai-future/ "GPT-5's model router ignited a user backlash against OpenAI—but it might be the future of AI"]. ''Fortune''.</ref>
|-
|[[GPT-5.1]]
|November 12, 2025
|{{maybe|Legacy support}}
|Allows users to select alternative personalities.<ref>[https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-reboots-chatgpt-experience-with-gpt-5-1-after-mixed-reviews-of-gpt-5 "OpenAI reboots ChatGPT experience with GPT-5.1 after mixed reviews of GPT-5"]. ''VentureBeat''. 2025-11-12.</ref>
|-
|[[GPT-5.2]]
|December 11, 2025
|{{active}}
|
|-
|[[GPT-5.3-Codex]]
|February 5, 2026<ref>, . [https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/02/with-gpt-5-3-codex-openai-pitches-codex-for-more-than-just-writing-code/ "With GPT-5.3-Codex, OpenAI pitches Codex for more than just writing code"]. ''Ars Technica''. 2026-02-05.</ref>
|{{active}}
|A model used in [[OpenAI Codex (AI agent)|Codex]] for [[software development]].<ref>Axon, Samuel. [https://arstechnica.com/ai/2026/02/with-gpt-5-3-codex-openai-pitches-codex-for-more-than-just-writing-code/ "With GPT-5.3-Codex, OpenAI pitches Codex for more than just writing code"]. ''Ars Technica''. 2026-02-05.</ref>
|-
|[[GPT-5.4]]
|March 5, 2026<ref>Brandom, Russell. [https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/05/openai-launches-gpt-5-4-with-pro-and-thinking-versions/ "OpenAI launches GPT-5.4 with Pro and Thinking versions"]. ''TechCrunch''. 2026-03-05.</ref>
|{{active}}
|Improvements focused on professional work and computer use.<ref>Brandom, Russell. [https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/05/openai-launches-gpt-5-4-with-pro-and-thinking-versions/ "OpenAI launches GPT-5.4 with Pro and Thinking versions"]. ''TechCrunch''. 2026-03-05.</ref>
|-
|}

==Reception==
ChatGPT was widely assessed in December 2022 as having some unprecedented and powerful capabilities. [[Kevin Roose]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "the best [[artificial intelligence]] chatbot ever released to the general public".<ref name="Roose-2022">Roose, Kevin. [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html "The Brilliance and Weirdness of ChatGPT"]. ''The New York Times''. December 5, 2022.</ref> Samantha Lock of ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted that it was able to generate "impressively detailed" and "human-like" text.<ref name="Lock-2022">Lock, Samantha. [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/05/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans "What is AI chatbot phenomenon ChatGPT and could it replace humans?"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. December 5, 2022.</ref> In ''[[The Atlantic]]'' magazine's "Breakthroughs of the Year" for 2022, [[Derek Thompson (journalist)|Derek Thompson]] included ChatGPT as part of "the generative-AI eruption" that "may change our mind about how we work, how we think, and what human creativity is".<ref>Thompson, Derek. [https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2022/12/technology-medicine-law-ai-10-breakthroughs-2022/672390/ "Breakthroughs of the Year"]. ''[[The Atlantic]]''. December 8, 2022.</ref> [[Kelsey Piper]] of ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'' wrote that "ChatGPT is the general public's first hands-on introduction to how powerful modern AI has gotten" and that ChatGPT is "smart enough to be useful despite its flaws".<ref name="Piper-2022">Piper, Kelsey. [https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/12/15/23509014/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-openai-language-models-ai-risk-google "ChatGPT has given everyone a glimpse at AI's astounding progress"]. ''[[Vox (website)''. December 15, 2022.</ref> [[Paul Graham (programmer)|Paul Graham]] of [[Y&nbsp;Combinator]] tweeted: "The striking thing about the reaction to ChatGPT is not just the number of people who are blown away by it, but who they are. These are not people who get excited by every shiny new thing. Something big is happening."<ref>Scharth, Marcel. [https://theconversation.com/the-chatgpt-chatbot-is-blowing-people-away-with-its-writing-skills-an-expert-explains-why-its-so-impressive-195908 "The ChatGPT chatbot is blowing people away with its writing skills. An expert explains why it's so impressive"]. ''The Conversation''. December 5, 2022.</ref> [[File:The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything.webp|thumb|alt=Time magazine cover featuring an excerpt of a conversation between a user and ChatGPT; after greeting ChatGPT, the user asks it what it thinks of a TIME cover story with the title "The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything". ChatGPT replies that it is incapable of having opinions, but remarks that the title could be "attention-grabbing and thought-provoking", but may be "interpreted as sensationalist and alarmist", and that the story could "help raise public awareness about the potential risks and benefits of this trend" and stimulate discussion about AI ethics. The cover credits Andrew R. Chow and Billy Perrigo (humorously clarified to be humans) as authors.|A 2023 ''Time'' [[Cover art|cover]]: "The [[Artificial intelligence arms race|AI Arms Race]] Is Changing Everything"]]

In February 2023, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine placed a screenshot of a conversation with ChatGPT on its cover, writing that "The [[Artificial intelligence arms race|AI Arms Race]] Is Changing Everything" and "The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying".<ref>Chow, Andrew. [https://time.com/6255952/ai-impact-chatgpt-microsoft-google/ "The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying"]. ''Time''. February 16, 2023.</ref>
[[File:Chatgpt usage.svg|thumb|Percentage of US adults who have ever used ChatGPT, according to Pew Research. As of March 2025, 58% of those under 30 have used the chatbot.<ref>Multiple sources:
* Vogels, Emily A.. [https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/24/a-majority-of-americans-have-heard-of-chatgpt-but-few-have-tried-it-themselves/ "A majority of Americans have heard of ChatGPT, but few have tried it themselves"]. ''Pew Research Center''. May 24, 2023.
* Park, Eugenie. [https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/08/28/most-americans-havent-used-chatgpt-few-think-it-will-have-a-major-impact-on-their-job/ "Most Americans haven't used ChatGPT; few think it will have a major impact on their job"]. ''Pew Research Center''. August 28, 2023.
* McClain, Colleen. [https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/03/26/americans-use-of-chatgpt-is-ticking-up-but-few-trust-its-election-information/ "Americans' use of ChatGPT is ticking up, but few trust its election information"]. ''Pew Research Center''. March 26, 2024.
* Sidoti, Olivia. [https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/06/25/34-of-us-adults-have-used-chatgpt-about-double-the-share-in-2023/ "34% of U.S. adults have used ChatGPT, about double the share in 2023"]. ''Pew Research''. June 25, 2025.</ref>]]
ChatGPT gained one million users in five days<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/11/30/chatgpt-a-year-on-3-ways-the-ai-chatbot-has-completely-changed-the-world-in-12-months "ChatGPT turns 1: How the AI chatbot has completely changed the world"]. ''euronews''. November 30, 2023.</ref> and 100 million in two months, becoming the fastest-growing internet application in history.<ref name="Milmo-2023">Milmo, Dan. [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app "ChatGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch"]. ''The Guardian''. February 2, 2023.</ref> OpenAI engineers said they had not expected ChatGPT to be very successful and were surprised by the coverage it received.<ref name="Douglas-2023" /><ref>Simons, John. [https://time.com/6252404/mira-murati-chatgpt-openai-interview/ "The Creator of ChatGPT Thinks AI Should Be Regulated"]. ''Time''. February 5, 2023.</ref><ref name="Cowen-2023">Cowen, Tyler. [https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-05-23/chatgpt-is-also-an-impressive-feat-of-marketing "ChatGPT Is Also an Impressive Feat of Marketing"]. bloomberg.com. May 23, 2023.</ref>

Google responded by hastening the release of its own chatbot. Their leaders emphasized their earlier caution regarding public deployment was due to the trust the public places in [[Google Search]].<ref>Levy, Steven. [https://www.wired.com/story/sundar-pichai-google-ai-microsoft-openai/ "Sundar Pichai on Google;s AI, Microsoft's AI, OpenAI, and ... Did We Mention AI?"]. ''[[Wired (magazine)''. September 11, 2023.</ref> In December 2022, Google executives sounded a "code red" alarm, fearing that ChatGPT's question-answering ability posed a threat to Google Search, Google's core business.<ref>Grant, Nico. [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html "A New Chat Bot Is a 'Code Red' for Google's Search Business"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. December 21, 2022.</ref> Google's [[Bard (chatbot)|Bard]] (now Gemini) launched on February 6, 2023, one day before Microsoft's announcement of [[Bing Chat]] (now Microsoft Copilot).<ref>Alba, Davey. [https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-02-06/google-chatgpt-rival-ai-bard-early-testers "Google releases ChatGPT rival AI 'Bard' to early testers"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. February 6, 2023.</ref>

=== In art ===
In January 2023, after being sent a song ChatGPT wrote in the style of [[Nick Cave]],<ref name="Cain-2023">Cain, Sian. [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave "'This song sucks': Nick Cave responds to ChatGPT song written in the style of Nick Cave"]. ''The Guardian''. January 16, 2023.</ref> Cave responded on ''[[The Red Hand Files]],''<ref>Cave, Nick. [https://www.theredhandfiles.com/chat-gpt-what-do-you-think/ "I asked Chat GPT to write a song in the style of Nick Cave, and this is what it produced. What do you think?"]. ''The Red Hand Files''. January 16, 2023.</ref> saying the act of writing a song is "a blood and guts business [...] that requires something of me to initiate the new and fresh idea. It requires my humanness." He went on to say, "With all the love and respect in the world, this song is bullshit, a grotesque mockery of what it is to be human, and, well, I don't much like it."<ref name="Cain-2023" /><ref>Sparrow, Jeff. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/20/are-ai-generated-songs-a-grotesque-mockery-of-humanity-or-simply-an-opportunity-to-make-a-new-kind-of-music "Are AI-generated songs a 'grotesque mockery' of humanity or simply an opportunity to make a new kind of music?"]. ''The Guardian''. January 20, 2023.</ref>

A 2023 study reported that GPT-4 obtained a better score than 99% of humans on the [[Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking]].<ref>Shrikant, Aditi. [https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/17/study-chatgpt-can-match-the-top-1percent-of-creative-human-thinkers.html "ChatGPT can match the top 1% of creative human thinkers, says new study"]. ''CNBC''. July 17, 2023.</ref><ref>Naprys, Ernestas. [https://cybernews.com/news/ai-already-outscoring-humans-creativity-tests/ "AI already outscoring humans in creativity tests"]. ''cybernews''. July 7, 2023.</ref> In December 2023, ChatGPT became the first non-human to be included in [[Nature's 10|''Nature''{{'}}s 10]], an annual [[listicle]] curated by [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] of people considered to have made significant impact in science.<ref>Van Noorden, Richard. "ChatGPT and science: the AI system was a force in 2023 — for good and bad". ''Nature''. December 13, 2023.</ref><ref>Mediavilla, Daniel. [https://elpais.com/ciencia/2023-12-13/la-revista-nature-elige-por-primera-vez-entre-sus-cientificos-del-ano-a-un-ente-no-humano-chatgpt.html "La revista 'Nature' elige por primera vez entre sus científicos del año a un ente no humano: ChatGPT"]. ''[[El País]]''. December 13, 2023.</ref> Celeste Biever wrote in a ''Nature'' article that "ChatGPT broke the [[Turing test]]".<ref>Biever, Celeste. [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02361-7 "ChatGPT broke the Turing test — the race is on for new ways to assess AI"]. ''Nature''. July 25, 2023.</ref> Stanford researchers reported that GPT-4 "passes a rigorous Turing test, diverging from average human behavior chiefly to be more cooperative."<ref>Scott, Cameron. [https://humsci.stanford.edu/feature/study-finds-chatgpts-latest-bot-behaves-humans-only-better "Study finds ChatGPT's latest bot behaves like humans, only better {{!"]. ''humsci.stanford.edu''.</ref><ref>Mei, Qiaozhu. "A Turing test of whether AI chatbots are behaviorally similar to humans". ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. February 27, 2024.</ref>

=== In politics ===
In 2023, Australian MP [[Julian Hill (politician)|Julian Hill]] advised the national parliament that the growth of AI could cause "mass destruction". During his speech, which was partly written by the program, he warned that it could result in cheating, job losses, discrimination, disinformation, and uncontrollable military applications.<ref name="Karp-2023">Karp, Paul. [https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/labor-mp-julian-hill-australia-parliament-speech-ai-part-written-by-chatgpt "MP tells Australia's parliament AI could be used for 'mass destruction' in speech part-written by ChatGPT"]. ''The Guardian''. February 6, 2023.</ref>

Conservative commentators have accused ChatGPT of bias toward left-leaning perspectives.<ref>Guynn, Jessica. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2023/02/09/woke-chatgpt-conservatives-bias/11215353002/ "Is ChatGPT 'woke'? AI chatbot accused of anti-conservative bias and a grudge against Trump"]. ''USA Today''.</ref><ref>Bray, Hiawatha. [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/09/business/are-chatbots-liberal-or-conservative-depends-who-you-ask/ "Is ChatGPT liberal or conservative? Depends who you ask."]. ''Boston Globe''. February 9, 2023.</ref><ref name="Vincent-2023">Vincent, James. [https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/17/23603906/openai-chatgpt-woke-criticism-culture-war-rules "As conservatives criticize 'woke AI,' here are ChatGPT's rules for answering culture war queries"]. ''The Verge''. February 17, 2023.</ref> An August 2023 study in the journal ''[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]]'' found a "significant and systematic political bias toward the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in the US, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]] in Brazil, and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the UK."<ref>Motoki, Fabio. "More human than human: measuring ChatGPT political bias". ''[[Public Choice (journal)''. August 17, 2023.</ref> In response to accusations from conservative pundits that ChatGPT was [[woke]], OpenAI said in 2023 it had plans to update ChatGPT to produce "outputs that other people (ourselves included) may strongly disagree with". ChatGPT also provided an outline of how human reviewers are trained to reduce inappropriate content and to attempt to provide political information without affiliating with any political position.<ref name="Vincent-2023" />

According to Brian Hood, in April 2023, ChatGPT erroneously claimed that he was jailed for bribery. In fact, he acted as a whistleblower. He sent a concerns notice to OpenAI as the first official step in filing a defamation case.<ref name="Gerken">Gerken, Tom. [https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65202597 "ChatGPT: Mayor starts legal bid over false bribery claim"]. ''BBC''.</ref>


A movement named QuitGPT emerged in February 2026 on [[Reddit]], criticizing OpenAI's ties with the Trump administration, such as a $25 million donation from OpenAI's president [[Greg Brockman]] and his wife to a Trump Super PAC in 2025.<ref>, . [https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/02/10/1132577/a-quitgpt-campaign-is-urging-people-to-cancel-chatgpt-subscriptions/ "A "QuitGPT" campaign is urging people to cancel their ChatGPT subscriptions"]. ''MIT Technology Review''. 2026-02-10.</ref><ref>Wilkins, Joe. [https://futurism.com/future-society/boycott-chatpgpt-trump "Campaign Urges Users to Quit ChatGPT Over OpenAI's Support for Trump and ICE"]. ''Futurism''. 2026-02-13.</ref><ref>Lamm, McKinsey. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2026/02/18/what-is-quitgpt-students-react-to-the-grassroots-movement-against-ai/88659854007/ "Grassroots QuitGPT movement pushes for international ChatGPT boycott"]. ''USA TODAY''. February 18, 2026.</ref><ref>Amanda, Caswell. [https://www.tomsguide.com/ai/700-000-users-are-ditching-chatgpt-heres-why-and-where-theyre-going "QuitGPT is going viral — 700,000 users are reportedly ditching ChatGPT for these AI rivals"]. ''Tom's Guide''. February 19, 2026.</ref>

=== Regional responses ===
[[File:Countries where ChatGPT is available.svg|thumb|Countries where ChatGPT is available<ref>[https://help.openai.com/en/articles/7947663-chatgpt-supported-countries "ChatGPT Supported Countries"]. ''help.openai.com''.</ref>]]
ChatGPT has never been publicly available in [[China]] because OpenAI prevented Chinese users from accessing their site.<ref>Chiu, Joanna. [https://restofworld.org/2024/when-china-blocked-ai-sites/ "New data reveals exactly when the Chinese government blocked ChatGPT and other AI sites"]. September 18, 2024.</ref><ref name="Chen-2023">Chen, Caiwei. [https://www.wired.com/story/chinas-chatgpt-black-market-baidu/ "China's ChatGPT Black Market Is Thriving"]. ''Wired''. March 7, 2023.</ref><ref name="reutersChinablock">Ye, Josh. [https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-frenzy-sweeps-china-firms-scramble-home-grown-options-2023-02-10/ "ChatGPT frenzy sweeps China as firms scramble for home-grown options"]. ''Reuters''. February 12, 2023.</ref> A [[shadow market]] has emerged for Chinese users to get access to foreign software tools.<ref>[https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1015263 "Young Chinese Have Almost No Concerns About AI, Survey Finds"]. ''[[Sixth Tone]]''. May 31, 2024.</ref> The release of ChatGPT prompted a wave of investment in China, resulting in the development of more than 200 large language learning models.<ref>Bachulska, Alicja. [https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/ "The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People"]. [[European Council on Foreign Relations]]. July 2, 2024.</ref>{{Rp|page=95}} In February 2025, OpenAI identified and removed influence operations, termed "Peer Review" and "Sponsored Discontent", used to attack overseas [[Chinese dissidents]].<ref>Metz, Cade. [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/21/technology/openai-chinese-surveillance.html "OpenAI Uncovers Evidence of A.I.-Powered Chinese Surveillance Tool"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. February 21, 2025.</ref><ref>Fried, Ina. [https://www.axios.com/2025/02/21/openai-chinese-influence-campaigns "OpenAI finds new Chinese influence campaigns using its tools"]. ''[[Axios (website)''. February 21, 2025.</ref><ref name="Reuters-2025">[https://www.reuters.com/world/china/openai-bans-suspected-china-linked-accounts-seeking-surveillance-proposals-2025-10-07/#:~:text=Oct%207%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20OpenAI,to%20monitor%20social%20media%20conversations. "OpenAI bans suspected China-linked accounts for seeking surveillance proposals"]. ''[[Reuters]]''. 2025-10-08.</ref>

In late March 2023, the Italian data protection authority banned ChatGPT in [[Italy]] and opened an investigation. Italian regulators assert that ChatGPT was exposing minors to age-inappropriate content, and that OpenAI's use of ChatGPT conversations as training data could violate Europe's [[General Data Protection Regulation]].<ref name="BBC-News-2023">[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406 "ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns"]. ''BBC News''. March 31, 2023.</ref><ref name="Borrelli-2023">Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli. [https://www.ft.com/content/3ce7ed9d-df95-4f5f-a3c7-ec8398ce9c50 "Italy temporarily bans ChatGPT over privacy concerns"]. ''Financial Times''. March 31, 2023.</ref> In April 2023, the ChatGPT ban was lifted in Italy. OpenAI said it has taken steps to effectively clarify and address the issues raised; an age verification tool was implemented to ensure users are at least 13 years old. Additionally, users can access its privacy policy before registration.<ref>McCallum, Shiona. [https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65431914 "ChatGPT accessible again in Italy"]. ''BBC''. 28 April 2023.</ref>

In May 2024, OpenAI removed accounts involving the use of ChatGPT by state-backed [[influence operations]] such as China's [[Spamouflage]], Russia's [[Doppelganger (disinformation campaign)|Doppelganger]], and Israel's [[Ministry of Diaspora Affairs and Combating Antisemitism]].<ref name="Bond-2024">Bond, Shannon. [https://www.npr.org/2024/05/30/g-s1-1670/openai-influence-operations-china-russia-israel "In a first, OpenAI removes influence operations tied to Russia, China and Israel"]. ''[[NPR]]''. May 30, 2024.</ref><ref name="Frenkel-2024">Frenkel, Sheera. [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/05/technology/israel-campaign-gaza-social-media.html "Israel Secretly Targets U.S. Lawmakers With Influence Campaign on Gaza War"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. June 5, 2024.</ref> In June 2025, OpenAI reported increased use of ChatGPT for China-origin influence operations.<ref name="Tong-2025">Tong, Anna. [https://www.reuters.com/world/china/openai-finds-more-chinese-groups-using-chatgpt-malicious-purposes-2025-06-05/ "OpenAI finds more Chinese groups using ChatGPT for malicious purposes"]. ''[[Reuters]]''. June 6, 2025.</ref> In October 2025, OpenAI banned accounts suspected to be linked to the Chinese government for violating the company's national security policy.<ref name="Reuters-2025" /> In February 2026, OpenAI banned accounts linked to a Chinese government [[Transnational repression by China|transnational repression]] campaign targeting [[Chinese dissident|dissidents]].<ref>Lyngaas, Sean. [https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/25/politics/chatgpt-china-intimidation-operation "A Chinese official's use of ChatGPT accidentally revealed a global intimidation operation"]. ''[[CNN]]''. 2026-02-25.</ref>

In July 2023, the [[US Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) issued a [[civil investigative demand]] to OpenAI to investigate whether the company's [[data security]] and [[Information privacy|privacy]] practices to develop ChatGPT were [[Unfair business practices|unfair]] or [[Consumer protection|harmed consumers]].<ref>Zakrzewski, Cat. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/13/ftc-openai-chatgpt-sam-altman-lina-khan/ "The FTC is investigating whether ChatGPT harms consumers"]. ''The Washington Post''. July 13, 2023.</ref><ref>Tracy, Ryan. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/chatgpt-under-investigation-by-ftc-21e4b3ef "ChatGPT Comes Under Investigation by Federal Trade Commission"]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. July 13, 2023.</ref><ref>Feiner, Lauren. [https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/13/chatgpt-owner-openai-is-being-investigated-by-ftc.html "FTC investigating ChatGPT-maker OpenAI for possible consumer harm"]. CNBC. July 13, 2023.</ref> In July 2023, the FTC launched an investigation into OpenAI over allegations that the company scraped public data and published false and defamatory information. The FTC asked OpenAI for comprehensive information about its technology and privacy safeguards, as well as any steps taken to prevent the recurrence of situations in which its chatbot generated false and derogatory content about people.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/14/us-watchdog-probes-chatgpt-maker-openai-over-false-information "ChatGPT creator OpenAI faces US probe over libellous output"]. ''Ars Technica''.</ref> In August 2024, the FTC voted unanimously to ban marketers from using fake user reviews created by generative AI chatbots (including ChatGPT) and [[Internet celebrity|influencers]] paying for [[Social bot|bots]] to increase [[Friending and following|follower counts]].<ref>Picciotto, Rebecca. [https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/14/ftc-bans-fake-reviews-social-media-influence-markers.html "FTC bans fake online reviews, inflated social media influence; rule takes effect in October"]. CNBC. August 14, 2024.</ref>

=== Reception by American tech personas ===
Over 20,000 signatories including [[Yoshua Bengio]], Elon Musk, and Apple co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]], signed [[Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter|a March 2023 open letter]] calling for an immediate pause of giant AI experiments like ChatGPT, citing "profound risks to society and humanity".<ref name="profoundRisk">Hurst, Luke. [https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/29/profound-risk-to-humanity-elon-musk-and-steve-wozniak-join-calls-to-halt-ai-development "'Profound risk to humanity': Tech leaders call for 'pause' on advanced AI development"]. ''Euronews''. March 30, 2023.</ref> [[Geoffrey Hinton]], one of the "fathers of AI", voiced concerns that future AI systems may surpass human intelligence.<ref>[https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/ "Geoffrey Hinton tells us why he's now scared of the tech he helped build"]. ''MIT Technology Review''.</ref><ref>[https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/03/1072589/video-geoffrey-hinton-google-ai-risk-ethics/ "Video: Geoffrey Hinton talks about the "existential threat" of AI"]. ''MIT Technology Review''.</ref> A May 2023 [[Statement on AI risk of extinction|statement]] by hundreds of AI scientists, AI industry leaders, and other public figures demanded that {{nowrap|"[m]itigating}} the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority".<ref>Roose, Kevin. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/technology/ai-threat-warning.html "A.I. Poses 'Risk of Extinction,' Industry Leaders Warn"]. ''The New York Times''. May 30, 2023.</ref>

Other AI researchers spoke more optimistically about the advances. [[Juergen Schmidhuber]] said that in 95% of cases, AI research is about making "human lives longer and healthier and easier." He added that while AI can be used by bad actors, it "can also be used against the bad actors."<ref name="Taylor-2023">Taylor, Josh. [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says "Rise of artificial intelligence is inevitable but should not be feared, 'father of AI' says"]. ''The Guardian''. May 7, 2023.</ref> [[Andrew Ng]] argued that "it's a mistake to fall for the doomsday hype on AI—and that regulators who do will only benefit vested interests."<ref name="andrewng2023">McMorrow, Ryan. [https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3 "Andrew Ng: 'Do we think the world is better off with more or less intelligence?'"]. ''Financial Times''. December 19, 2023.</ref> [[Yann LeCun]] dismissed doomsday warnings of AI-powered misinformation and existential threats to the human race.<ref name="lecun2023">Levy, Steven. [https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview/ "How Not to Be Stupid About AI, With Yann LeCun"]. ''Wired''. December 22, 2023.</ref>

=== Copyright ===
{{Excerpt|Artificial intelligence and copyright}}

== Applications ==
''See also: [[Applications of artificial intelligence]]''

=== Academic research ===
In a 2023 [[Blinded experiment|blinded study]] in ''[[npj Digital Medicine]]'', researchers tasked with identifying whether [[Abstract (summary)|abstracts]] were authentic or generated by ChatGPT were fooled around one-third of the time by the AI-generated abstracts.<ref>Gao, Catherine A.. "Comparing scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT to real abstracts with detectors and blinded human reviewers". ''[[npj Digital Medicine]]''. April 26, 2023.</ref><ref>Bushard, Brian. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2023/01/10/fake-scientific-abstracts-written-by-chatgpt-fooled-scientists-study-finds/ "Fake Scientific Abstracts Written By ChatGPT Fooled Scientists, Study Finds"]. ''Forbes''. January 10, 2023.</ref> In January 2023, ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' reported that at least four academic pre-prints or published papers had listed ChatGPT as a co-author. ''Nature'' cites several experts in academic published who says that listing ChatGPT as an author violates publishing guidelines, since ChatGPT lacks the ability to take responsibility for any research and cannot give consent to any terms of use.<ref>Stokel-Walker, Chris. [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00107-z "ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove"]. ''Nature''. January 18, 2023.</ref>

Scientific journals have had different reactions to ChatGPT. Some, including ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' and [[JAMA Network]], require full disclosure of any use of text-generating tools, and prohibit listing a chatbot as a co-author. In January 2023, ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' banned chatbot-generated text in all its journals.<ref>Brainard, Jeffrey. [https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies "As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies"]. ''Science''. February 22, 2023.</ref> As of July 2025, ''Science'' expects authors to release in full how AI-generated content is used and made in their work.<ref>[https://www.science.org/content/page/science-journals-editorial-policies#authorship "Science Journals: Editorial Policies"]. ''www.science.org''.</ref>

Many authors argue that the use of ChatGPT in academia for teaching and review is problematic due to its tendency to hallucinate.<ref>Alkaissi, Hussam. "Artificial Hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in Scientific Writing". ''Cureus''. February 19, 2023.</ref><ref>Vynck, Gerrit De. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/30/ai-chatbots-chatgpt-bard-trustworthy/ "ChatGPT 'hallucinates.' Some researchers worry it isn't fixable."]. ''Washington Post''. May 31, 2023.</ref><ref>Azamfirei, Razvan. "Large language models and the perils of their hallucinations". ''Critical Care''. March 21, 2023.</ref> Robin Bauwens, an assistant professor at [[Tilburg University]], found that a ChatGPT-generated [[peer review]] report on his article mentioned nonexistent studies.<ref>Grove, Jack. [https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/chatgpt-generated-reading-list-sparks-ai-peer-review-debate "'ChatGPT-generated reading list' sparks AI peer review debate"]. ''Times Higher Education''. April 5, 2023.</ref> Chris Granatino, a librarian at [[Seattle University]], noted that while ChatGPT can generate content that seemingly includes legitimate citations, in most cases those citations are not real or largely incorrect.<ref>Granatino, Chris. [https://library.seattleu.edu/friendly.php?s=blog/ChatGPT-and-AI-Hallucination "ChatGPT and AI Hallucination"]. ''Lemieux Library at Seattle University''. May 5, 2023.</ref>

=== Computer science ===
In December 2022, the question-and-answer website [[Stack Overflow]] banned the use of ChatGPT for generating answers to questions, citing the factually ambiguous nature of its responses.<ref name="TheVergeStackOverflow">Vincent, James. [https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers "AI-generated answers temporarily banned on coding Q&A site Stack Overflow"]. ''[[The Verge]]''. December 5, 2022.</ref> In January 2023, the [[International Conference on Machine Learning]] banned any undocumented use of ChatGPT or other large language models to generate any text in submitted papers.<ref>Vincent, James. [https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/5/23540291/chatgpt-ai-writing-tool-banned-writing-academic-icml-paper "Top AI conference bans use of ChatGPT and AI language tools to write academic papers"]. ''The Verge''. January 5, 2023.</ref>

ChatGPT was able in 2023 to provide useful code for solving numerical algorithms in limited cases. In one study, it produced solutions in [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], and [[MATLAB]] for problems in [[computational physics]]. However, there were important shortfalls like violating basic linear algebra principles around solving singular matrices and producing matrices with incompatible sizes.<ref>Kashefi, Ali. "ChatGPT for Programming Numerical Methods". 2023.</ref> Another study analyzed ChatGPT's responses to 517 questions about [[software engineering]] or [[computer programming]] posed on [[Stack Overflow]] for correctness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and concision. It found that 52% of the responses contained inaccuracies and 77% were verbose.<ref>Morrison, Ryan. [https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ai-and-automation/chatgpt-wrong-over-half-the-time-on-software-questions "ChatGPT wrong over half the time on software questions"]. ''Tech Monitor''. August 8, 2023.</ref><ref>Kabir, Samia. "Who Answers It Better? An In-Depth Analysis of ChatGPT and Stack Overflow Answers to Software Engineering Questions". August 10, 2023.</ref> Another study, focused on the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 between March and June 2024, found that performance on objective tasks like identifying prime numbers and generating [[Execution (computing)|executable]] code was highly variable.<ref>Chen, Lingjiao. "How Is ChatGPT's Behavior Changing Over Time?". ''Harvard Data Science Review''. 12 March 2024.</ref> When compared to similar chatbots at the time, the GPT-4 version of ChatGPT was the most accurate at coding.<ref>Siam, Md Kamrul. "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computing Advancements". 6 June 2025.</ref>

=== Computer security ===
Check Point Research and others noted that ChatGPT could write [[phishing]] emails and [[malware]], especially when combined with [[OpenAI Codex (AI agent)|OpenAI Codex]]. CyberArk researchers demonstrated that ChatGPT could be used to create [[polymorphic malware]] that could evade security products while requiring little effort by the attacker.<ref name="Shimony-2023">Shimony, Eran. [https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/chatting-our-way-into-creating-a-polymorphic-malware "Chatting Our Way Into Creating a Polymorphic Malware"]. ''CyberArk''. January 17, 2023.</ref><ref name="Mascellino-2023">Mascellino, Alessandro. [https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/chatgpt-creates-polymorphic-malware/ "ChatGPT Creates Polymorphic Malware"]. ''Infosecurity Magazine''. January 18, 2023.</ref> From the launch of ChatGPT in the fourth quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2023, there was a 1,265% increase in malicious [[phishing]] emails and a 967% increase in credential phishing. In an industry survey, cybersecurity professionals argued that it was attributable to cybercriminals' increased use of generative artificial intelligence (including ChatGPT).<ref name="Violino-2023">Violino, Bob. [https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/28/ai-like-chatgpt-is-creating-huge-increase-in-malicious-phishing-email.html "AI tools such as ChatGPT are generating a mammoth increase in malicious phishing emails"]. CNBC. November 28, 2023.</ref>

In July 2024, ''[[Futurism (website)|Futurism]]'' reported that GPT-4o in ChatGPT would sometimes link "scam news sites that deluge the user with fake software updates and virus warnings"; these pop-ups can be used to coerce users into downloading malware or [[potentially unwanted program]]s.<ref name="Dupre-2024">Dupré, Maggie Harrison. [https://futurism.com/chatgpt-fake-virus-warnings "ChatGPT-4o Is Sending Users to a Scammy Website That Floods Your Screen With Fake Virus Warnings"]. ''Futurism''. July 1, 2024.</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Excerpt|ChatGPT in education|paragraphs=2|templates=no}}
[[File:Books about ChatGPT in Osaka bookstore.jpg|thumb|Books about ChatGPT in an Osaka bookstore]]

=== Culture ===
During the first three months after ChatGPT became available to the public, hundreds of books appeared on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] that listed it as author or co-author and featured illustrations made by other AI models such as [[Midjourney]].<ref>Nolan, Beatrice. [https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-write-author-200-books-amazon-2023-2 "More than 200 books in Amazon's bookstore have ChatGPT listed as an author or coauthor"]. ''Business Insider''.</ref><ref>Bensinger, Greg. [https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-launches-boom-ai-written-e-books-amazon-2023-02-21/ "ChatGPT launches boom in AI-written e-books on Amazon"]. ''Reuters''. February 21, 2023.</ref> [[Irene Solaiman]] said she was worried about increased [[Anglocentrism]].<ref name="Sigal1">Samuel, Sigal. [https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23674696/chatgpt-ai-creativity-originality-homogenization "What happens when ChatGPT starts to feed on its own writing?"]. Vox. April 10, 2023.</ref>

Between March and April 2023, ''[[Il Foglio]]'' published one ChatGPT-generated article a day on its website, hosting a special contest for its readers in the process.<ref>Multiple Sources:
* [https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/17/news/sfida-per-siri-e-alexa-5068811/ "Sfida per Siri e Alexa"]. ''Il Foglio''. March 17, 2023.
* [https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/07/news/chatgpt-sul-foglio-per-30-giorni-piccoli-testi-scritti-dall-ia-sul-nostro-giornale-5029973/ "ChatGPT sul Foglio: per 30 giorni piccoli testi scritti dall'IA sul nostro giornale"]. ''Il Foglio''. March 7, 2023.
* Moretti, Marco. [https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/08/news/articoli-artificiali-no-5067825/ "Articoli artificiali? No"]. ''Il Foglio''. March 8, 2023.
* A.D.A.. [https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/09/news/piu-umani-grazie-5067829/ "Più umani, grazie"]. ''Il Foglio''. March 9, 2023.
* [https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2023/03/14/news/le-colpe-farlocche-dell-invasione--5067556/ "Le colpe farlocche dell'"invasione""]. ''Il Foglio''. March 14, 2023.
</ref>

In June 2023, hundreds of people attended a "ChatGPT-powered church service" at St. Paul's Church in [[Fürth]], Germany. Theologian and philosopher Jonas Simmerlein, who presided, said that it was "about 98 percent from the machine".<ref>Edwards, Benj. [https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/06/chatgpt-takes-the-pulpit-ai-leads-experimental-church-service-in-germany/ "AI-powered church service in Germany draws a large crowd"]. ''Ars Technica''. June 12, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-sermon-protestant-congregation-nuremberg-germany-not-to-fear-death-2023-6 "Hundreds of Protestants attended a sermon in Nuremberg given by ChatGPT, which told them not to fear death"]. ''Business Insider''.</ref> The ChatGPT-generated avatar told the people, "Dear friends, it is an honor for me to stand here and preach to you as the first artificial intelligence at this year's convention of Protestants in Germany". Reactions to the ceremony were mixed.<ref>[https://www.thejournal.ie/ai-chruch-germany-6090108-Jun2023/ "Hundreds attend AI church service in Germany"]. ''TheJournal.ie''. June 10, 2023.</ref>

''[[The Last Screenwriter]]'', a 2024 film created and directed by [[Peter Luisi]], was written using ChatGPT, and was marketed as "the first film written entirely by AI".<ref>Kelly, James W. [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjll3w15j0yo "Prince Charles Cinema drops AI-written film following backlash"]. ''BBC News''. June 19, 2024.</ref>

''[[The Guardian]]'' questioned whether any content found on the Internet after ChatGPT's release "can be truly trusted" and called for government regulation.<ref name="guard20222">[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/08/the-guardian-view-on-chatgpt-an-eerily-good-human-impersonator "The Guardian view on ChatGPT: an eerily good human impersonator"]. ''The Guardian''. December 8, 2022.</ref> This has led to concern over the rise of [[AI slop]] whereby "meaningless content and writing thereby becomes part of our culture, particularly on social media, which we nonetheless try to understand or fit into our existing cultural horizon."<ref>Berry, David M.. "Synthetic media and computational capitalism: towards a critical theory of artificial intelligence". ''AI & Society''. 2025-03-19.</ref>

=== Financial markets ===
Many companies adopted ChatGPT and similar chatbot technologies into their product offers. In 2023, these changes yielded significant increases in company valuations.<ref>Diaz, Alicia. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-26/buzzfeed-bzfd-triples-on-plans-to-embrace-openai-for-content "BuzzFeed Shares Surge 120% on Plans to Embrace OpenAI"]. ''Bloomberg.com''. January 26, 2023.</ref><ref name="RSurge1">Singh, Medha. [https://www.reuters.com/technology/ai-stocks-rally-latest-wall-street-craze-sparked-by-chatgpt-2023-02-06/ "AI stocks rally in latest Wall Street craze sparked by ChatGPT"]. ''Reuters''. February 6, 2023.</ref> Reuters attributed this surge to ChatGPT's role in turning [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] into [[Wall Street]]'s buzzword.<ref name="RSurge1"/> Despite decades of using AI, Wall Street professionals report that consistently beating the market with AI, including recent large language models, is challenging due to limited and noisy financial data.<ref>Zuckerman, Gregory. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-can-write-a-song-but-it-cant-beat-the-market-6df50efd "AI Can Write a Song, but It Can't Beat the Market"]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. April 12, 2023.</ref>

=== Medicine ===
''See also: [[Artificial intelligence in healthcare]]''
ChatGPT can provide health information to users<ref>Multiple sources:
* Ayers, John W.. "Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum". ''JAMA Internal Medicine''. April 28, 2023.
* Alan, Raif. "Utilizing ChatGPT-4 for Providing Information on Periodontal Disease to Patients: A DISCERN Quality Analysis". ''Cureus''. September 29, 2023.
* Endo, Yutaka. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11605-023-05714-9 "Quality of ChatGPT Responses to Questions Related To Liver Transplantation"]. ''Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery''. August 1, 2023.
* Tan, Songtao. "ChatGPT in medicine: prospects and challenges: a review article". ''International Journal of Surgery''. June 2024.
* Liu, Hilary Y.. "Consulting the Digital Doctor: Google Versus ChatGPT as Sources of Information on Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma and Breast Implant Illness". ''Aesthetic Plastic Surgery''. February 2024.</ref> and assist professionals with diagnosis and staying up to date with clinical guidelines.<ref name="medical bundle 1">Lewandowski, Miłosz. [https://academic.oup.com/ced/article/49/7/686/7237242 "ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 dermatological knowledge level based on the Specialty Certificate Examination in Dermatology"]. ''Clinical and Experimental Dermatology''. June 25, 2024.</ref> It can be used to summarize medical journal articles for researchers. In medical education, it can explain concepts, generate case scenarios, and be used by students preparing for licensing examinations.<ref name="medmeta2024" />

A February 2023 study in ''[[PLOS Digital Health]]'' found that ChatGPT 3.5 was capable of passing the [[United States Medical Licensing Examination]].<ref>Kung, Tiffany H.. "Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models". ''PLOS Digital Health''. 9 February 2023.</ref><ref name="DePeau-Wilson-2023">DePeau-Wilson, Michael. [https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/102705 "AI Passes U.S. Medical Licensing Exam"]. ''MedPage Today''. January 19, 2023.</ref> ChatGPT has also passed the Specialty Certificate Examination in Dermatology.<ref name="medical bundle 1" />

However, ChatGPT shows inconsistent responses, lack of specificity, lack of control over patient data, and a limited ability to take additional context (such as regional variations) into consideration.<ref name="medmeta2024">Tan, Songtao. "ChatGPT in medicine: prospects and challenges: a review article". ''International Journal of Surgery''. June 2024.</ref><ref>Howard, Alex. [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00113-5/fulltext#back-bib1 "ChatGPT and antimicrobial advice: the end of the consulting infection doctor?"]. ''The Lancet Infectious Diseases''. April 2023.</ref> The [[Hallucination (artificial intelligence)|hallucinations]] characteristic of LLMs pose particular danger in medical contexts, and ChatGPT's ability to come up with false or faulty citations was highly criticized.<ref name="medmeta2024" /><ref>Gravel, Jocelyn. "Learning to Fake It: Limited Responses and Fabricated References Provided by ChatGPT for Medical Questions". ''Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health''. September 1, 2023.</ref> According to a 2024 study in the ''[[International Journal of Surgery]]'', concerns include "research fraud, lack of originality, ethics, copyright, legal difficulties".<ref name="medmeta2024"/>

==== Mental health ====
''See also: [[Artificial intelligence in mental health|Chatbot psychosis]]''
According to a September 2025 article in ''[[Lancet Psychiatry]]'', many individuals use ChatGPT and comparable chatbots for mental health and emotional support despite a warning from OpenAI against using ChatGPT as a therapist. The study notes a lack of research on efficacy, poor consistency in dangerous situations, limited regulation and liability, and poor transparency from OpenAI.<ref>Rousmaniere, Tony. "Large language models as mental health providers". ''The Lancet Psychiatry''. 2026.</ref>

A July 2025 study in the journal ''Digital Health'' found that users reported employing ChatGPT to manage mental health concerns "due to perceived therapist-like qualities (e.g. emotional support, accurate understanding, and constructive feedback) and machine-like benefits (e.g. constant availability, expansive cognitive capacity, lack of negative reactions, and perceived objectivity)." The study calls for improved [[AI literacy]] and mandatory disclosure from AI providers to address ethical concerns such as privacy, bias, the lack of liability, and emotional over-reliance.<ref>Luo, Xiaochen. ""Shaping ChatGPT into my Digital Therapist": A thematic analysis of social media discourse on using generative artificial intelligence for mental health". ''Digital Health''. 2025.</ref>

=== Law ===
ChatGPT has been used to assist in bill writing in the US<ref>Multiple sources:
* [https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/S31/BillHistory "Bill S.31"]. ''malegislature.gov''.
* Annear, Steve. [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/24/metro/this-state-senator-drafted-legislation-regulate-artificial-intelligence-technology-with-some-help-chatgpt/ "Two elected officials drafted legislation to regulate artificial intelligence technology — with some help from ChatGPT"]. ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. January 24, 2023.
* Garrity, Kelly. [https://www.politico.com/newsletters/massachusetts-playbook/2023/07/13/chatgpt-enters-the-legislative-chat-00106066 "ChatGPT enters the legislative chat"]. ''[[POLITICO]]''. July 13, 2023.
* [https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/S2539 "Bill S.2539"]. ''malegislature.gov''.</ref><ref name="Quach-2023">Quach, Katyanna. [https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/02/chatgpt_law_brazil/ "Local council in Brazil passes ChatGPT-written proposal"]. ''[[The Register]]''. December 2, 2023.</ref> and Brazil.<ref name="Quach-2023" /><ref>Multiple sources:
* Jeantet, Diane. [https://apnews.com/article/brazil-artificial-intelligence-porto-alegre-5afd1240afe7b6ac202bb0bbc45e08d4 "Brazilian city enacts an ordinance that was secretly written by ChatGPT"]. ''AP News''. November 30, 2023.
* Paúl, María Luisa. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/12/04/ai-written-law-porto-alegre-brazil/ "A Brazilian city passed a law about water meters. ChatGPT wrote it."]. ''Washington Post''. December 4, 2023.
* Foster, Gustavo. [https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/11/29/lei-escrita-por-inteligencia-artificial-e-aprovada-por-vereadores-em-porto-alegre-precedente-perigoso-diz-presidente-da-camara.ghtml "Lei escrita por inteligência artificial é aprovada por vereadores em Porto Alegre; 'precedente perigoso', diz presidente da Câmara"]. ''[[G1 (website)''. November 29, 2023.</ref> In an American civil lawsuit, attorneys were [[Sanctions (law)|sanction]]ed for filing a [[Motion (legal)|legal motion]] generated by ChatGPT containing fictitious legal decisions.<ref>Multiple sources:
* Goswami, Rohan. [https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/30/chatgpt-cited-bogus-cases-for-a-new-york-federal-court-filing.html "ChatGPT cited 'bogus' cases for a New York federal court filing. The attorneys involved may face sanctions."]. CNBC. May 30, 2023.
* Neumeister, Larry. [https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-courts-e15023d7e6fdf4f099aa122437dbb59b "Lawyers blame ChatGPT for tricking them into citing bogus case law"]. Associated Press. June 8, 2023.
* Brodkin, Jon. [https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/06/lawyers-have-real-bad-day-in-court-after-citing-fake-cases-made-up-by-chatgpt/ "Lawyers have real bad day in court after citing fake cases made up by ChatGPT"]. ''Ars Technica''. June 23, 2023.
* [https://casetext.com/case/mata-v-avianca-inc-2 "Mata v. Avianca, Inc."]. ''Casetext''.
* [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-24/us-lawyer-uses-chatgpt-to-research-case-with-embarrassing-result/102490068 "'Use with caution': How ChatGPT landed this US lawyer and his firm in hot water"]. ''ABC News''. June 24, 2023.
* [https://www.reuters.com/legal/new-york-lawyers-sanctioned-using-fake-chatgpt-cases-legal-brief-2023-06-22/ "New York lawyers sanctioned for using fake ChatGPT cases in legal brief"]. ''Reuters''.
* Maruf, Ramishah. [https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/27/business/chat-gpt-avianca-mata-lawyers/index.html "Lawyer apologizes for fake court citations from ChatGPT {{!"]. ''CNN''. May 27, 2023.
* Davis, Wes. [https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/27/23739913/chatgpt-ai-lawsuit-avianca-airlines-chatbot-research "A lawyer used ChatGPT and now has to answer for its 'bogus' citations"]. ''The Verge''. May 27, 2023.</ref> Judges in the US<ref>Wilkins, Stephanie. [https://www.law.com/2024/06/04/11th-circuit-judge-uses-chatgpt-in-deciding-appeal-encourages-others-to-consider-it/ "11th Circuit Judge Uses ChatGPT in Deciding Appeal, Encourages Others to Consider It"]. ''Law.com''. June 4, 2024.</ref><ref>Weiss, Debra Cassens. [https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/appeals-judge-makes-a-confession-he-consulted-chatgpt-and-found-the-results-less-nutty-than-i-feared "In concurrence confession, appeals judge says ChatGPT research 'less nutty' than feared"]. ''ABA Journal''. June 6, 2024.</ref> and Pakistan have endorsed using ChatGPT to investigate legal questions during a case.<ref>[https://www.gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistani-judge-uses-chatgpt-to-make-court-decision-1.95104528 "Pakistani judge uses ChatGPT to make court decision"]. ''Gulf News''. April 13, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://pakobserver.net/ai-revolution-is-here-pakistani-court-takes-help-from-chatgpt-to-grant-bail-in-rape-case "AI revolution is here': Pakistani court takes help from ChatGPT to grant bail in rape case"]. ''Pakistan Observer''. April 11, 2023.</ref> The use of ChatGPT has also led to errors in courtrooms.<ref>Merken, Sara. [https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/society-equity/two-federal-judges-say-use-ai-led-errors-us-court-rulings-2025-10-23/ "Two federal judges say use of AI led to errors in US court rulings"]. ''[[Reuters]]''. October 23, 2025.</ref> In the UK, a judge expressed concern about [[litigant in person|self-representing litigant]]s wasting time by submitting documents containing significant hallucinations.<ref>Rose, Neil. [https://www.legalfutures.co.uk/latest-news/litigant-unwittingly-put-fake-cases-generated-by-ai-before-tribunal "Litigant unwittingly put fake cases generated by AI before tribunal"]. ''Legal Futures''. December 7, 2023.</ref><ref>Cross, Michael. [https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/ai-hallucinates-nine-helpful-case-authorities/5118179.article "AI hallucinates nine 'helpful' case authorities"]. ''Law Society Gazette''. December 11, 2023.</ref><ref name="BAILII-2023">[https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKFTT/TC/2023/TC09010.html "Harber v Commissioners for His Majesty's Revenue and Customs [2023] UKFTT 1007 (TC)"]. ''BAILII''. December 4, 2023.</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Artificial general intelligence}}
* {{Annotated link|Ethics of artificial intelligence}}
* {{Annotated link|Intelligent agent}}
* [[List of chatbots]]
* [[Reasoning model]]
* [[List of large language models]]
* [[Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software]]
{{Portal bar|Language|Technology}}

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
* Biswas, Som. [https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/radiol.223312 "ChatGPT and the Future of Medical Writing"]. ''Radiology''. April 1, 2023.
* Liebrenz, Michael. "Generating scholarly content with ChatGPT: ethical challenges for medical publishing". ''The Lancet Digital Health''. February 2023.
* Bartholomew, Jem. [https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/media-coverage-chatgpt.php "How the media is covering ChatGPT"]. ''Columbia Journalism Review''.
* [https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/prompt-engineering Prompt engineering] guide from OpenAI

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/chatgpt/ Chatgpt] at [[Instagram]]

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